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- <text id=93TT0088>
- <title>
- Oct. 25, 1993: Genes, Pulsars and Slavery
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1993
- Oct. 25, 1993 All The Rage:Angry Young Rockers
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- NOBEL PRIZES, Page 46
- Genes, Pulsars and Slavery
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> For some time now, American science has been falling out of
- favor--with talented young people who spurn it, press commentators
- who slam it and congressional budget makers who squeeze it.
- But if the Nobel Prizes are any indication, the U.S. research
- community still has plenty of past glory to celebrate. In a
- typical near-sweep, six of eight winners in science and economics
- are American citizens, and one of the others got the prize for
- work done in the U.S.
- </p>
- <p> MEDICINE/PHYSIOLOGY British-born Richard Roberts, 50, now of
- New England Biolabs, and Phillip Sharp, 49, of the Massachusetts
- Institute of Technology, won for their 1977 discovery of "junk
- DNA." As the cell's master molecule, DNA carries the blueprints
- needed to make proteins. Roberts and Sharp found that genes--the subdivisions corresponding to different proteins--are
- usually not single sections of DNA, as once believed, but discrete
- chunks, interrupted by stretches of nonsense DNA that seem to
- have no function. In protein making, only the pieces of meaningful
- DNA are copied and then spliced together. The splicing can go
- awry, producing faulty proteins and genetic diseases or, on
- rare occasions, improved proteins that enable evolution to take
- place.
- </p>
- <p> CHEMISTRY Co-winner Kary Mullis, 48, was at Cetus Corp., a California
- biotech firm, when he developed a technique called PCR (polymerase
- chain reaction) in the 1970s. PCR enables chemists to take a
- bit of DNA from a cell and make limitless copies of the molecule.
- PCR-amplified DNA has been used to provide material for gene-therapy
- experiments, to convict rapists and, yes, even to make copies
- of DNA fragments from ancient fossils--a concept taken to
- its logical conclusion in the movie Jurassic Park.
- </p>
- <p> The other chemistry winner, Canadian Michael Smith, 61, of the
- University of British Columbia, discovered how to cause mutations
- at specific sites on a strand of DNA. The potential applications
- range from cures for genetic diseases--in essence, repairing
- faulty DNA--to crops engineered to be pest resistant.
- </p>
- <p> PHYSICS Russell Hulse, 42, and Joseph Taylor, 52, both of Princeton,
- provided the first support for a crucial prediction made by
- Albert Einstein in his general theory of relativity. The breakthrough
- came in the early 1970s as they searched the sky for pulsars,
- the superdense cinders left over when stars explode. Hulse and
- Taylor were first to find a double pulsar, a pair of objects
- whirling around each other in tight formation. Einstein's theory
- decreed that two such heavy bodies orbiting each other should
- give off gravity waves, which would drain off energy and cause
- the objects to come together eventually. Sure though, the pulsars
- are approaching each other at a rate of about 1 mm a year.
- </p>
- <p> ECONOMICS Honored for using modern statistical techniques to
- study the past, Douglass North, 72, of Washington University
- in St. Louis, and Robert Fogel, 67, of the University of Chicago,
- are the first economic historians to win the Nobel. North's
- research showed that contrary to popular belief, free-market
- forces alone won't generate growth. Strong political and legal
- institutions, including courts and patent laws, are needed as
- well. Fogel contested the orthodox view that slavery was unprofitable
- in the U.S. and thus destined to fail. He found that it was
- economically efficient and collapsed only because of the Civil
- War. Attacked for having an idea that violated political correctness
- even before the term was invented, Fogel maintained that his
- theory should not be taken as an endorsement of slavery, which
- he considered inhumane, whatever its economic merits.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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